| Fitting Angle | Travel Multiplier | Advance Constant | Core Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45° Elbow | 1.414 | 1.000 | Travel = Offset × 1.414, Run = Set |
| 60° Elbow | 1.155 | 0.577 | Steeper offset, less horizontal run |
| 30° Elbow | 2.000 | 1.732 | Travel is exactly 2 × Offset |
| 22.5° Elbow | 2.613 | 2.414 | Gradual routing in long runs |
| Conversion | Formula | Field Rule of Thumb |
|---|---|---|
| Head to PSI | PSI = Head (ft) × 0.434 | Each 1 ft elevation = 0.434 PSI |
| PSI to Head | Head (ft) = PSI × 2.31 | 1 PSI lifts water 2.31 feet |
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Key Conceptual Scaffolding & Diagnostic Intuition
Tested Competency: Offset calculation, conduit bending & trade ratios. In modern competitive exams, questions are engineered to test whether you understand the underlying structural relationship—not just whether you memorized a formula.
Miscalculating center-to-center bend shrinkage or forgetting multiplier deductions for 45-degree offsets.
Always write out your hypotheses and state conditions explicitly before calculating test statistics. Graders award up to 40% of partial credit for proper setup, regardless of arithmetic precision.
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